Individualized care |
3.75±0.74 |
3.40±0.81 |
0.34±0.12 |
11.15 |
<.001 |
1.28 |
1 |
1 |
If an infant has an individualized developmental care plan, I read it carefully and use it as a guide for timing and structuring my care. |
3.79±0.73 |
3.35±0.68 |
0.44±0.63 |
6.71 |
<.001 |
1.67 |
8 |
2 |
I am mentally and emotionally engaged with each infant in my care, continually guided by the behavior of the infant. |
3.81±0.75 |
3.67±0.67 |
0.15±0.46 |
3.12 |
.002 |
0.58 |
37 |
3 |
I stay attuned to every infant between care periods, so that I respond promptly if an infant needs attention or added support to stay relaxed and restful even if I am not the infant’s assigned caregiver. I am ready to begin care when the infant is showing a natural change of state, recognizing that state changes are often very subtle. |
3.90±0.73 |
3.71±0.73 |
0.19±0.47 |
3.95 |
<.001 |
0.75 |
32 |
4 |
I am flexible in timing my care to support and protect a quiet sleep state. |
3.92±0.64 |
3.65±0.74 |
0.28±0.64 |
4.16 |
<.001 |
1.10 |
18 |
5 |
I carry out care that can be flexibly timed together with procedures for which timing is less flexible, being careful to avoid overwhelming the infant. |
3.88±0.64 |
3.63±0.72 |
0.24±0.60 |
3.96 |
<.001 |
0.96 |
22 |
6 |
I make ongoing judgments about the necessity of interventions for each infant and make collaborative decisions to delay or eliminate interventions that may create unnecessary stress. |
3.86±0.70 |
3.55±0.76 |
0.31±0.69 |
4.35 |
<.001 |
1.20 |
16 |
7 |
If it is necessary to wake a sleeping infant, I approach the infant gently with a soft touch or whisper and spend the necessary moments to help the infant move smoothly and comfortably to a higher state before doing any assessment or procedure. |
3.68±0.86 |
3.15±0.96 |
0.52±0.82 |
6.13 |
<.001 |
1.93 |
6 |
8 |
I avoid doing any procedures, assessments, or caregiving tasks with an infant in a prone position where he or she is unlikely to be able to use self-comforting abilities. |
3.52±0.86 |
3.26±0.88 |
0.25±0.73 |
3.38 |
.001 |
0.91 |
24 |
9 |
I ensure that every feeding experience is a positive, pleasant, and nurturing time regardless of the size or age of the infant or the route or volume of the feeding. |
3.72±0.76 |
3.37±0.81 |
0.35±0.73 |
4.68 |
<.001 |
1.32 |
14 |
10 |
I am aware of the infant’s fragile digestive systems during hands on care before feedings and work carefully to avoid fluctuations in perfusion that may influence how the gut accommodates and digests feedings. |
3.78±0.66 |
3.53±0.72 |
0.25±0.60 |
4.11 |
<.001 |
0.98 |
21 |
11 |
If an infant has difficulty remaining stable and organized in spite of my careful handling, I slow down or stop, help the infant recover completely, and reconsider my approach before continuing. |
3.84±0.71 |
3.42±0.91 |
0.41±0.77 |
5.25 |
<.001 |
1.61 |
10 |
12 |
I respond to and support the infant’s efforts to spend time quietly awake in relaxed engagement with his or her caregivers, recognizing the development of quiet alertness as the necessary foundation for each infant’s formation of social relationships. |
3.67±0.76 |
3.25±0.83 |
0.41±0.69 |
5.81 |
<.001 |
1.54 |
12 |
13 |
I stay with the infant and support a smooth transition back to restful sleep before stepping away from the bedside. |
3.66±0.67 |
3.38±0.83 |
0.28±0.83 |
3.21 |
.002 |
1.02 |
19 |
14 |
I provide appropriate pain management when noxious procedures are necessary. |
3.92±0.76 |
3.38±0.81 |
0.54±0.87 |
6.02 |
<.001 |
2.15 |
3 |
15 |
I integrate a pain assessment tool into my practice. |
3.24±0.93 |
2.78±1.02 |
0.45±0.91 |
4.76 |
<.001 |
1.46 |
13 |
Family-centered care |
3.77±0.74 |
3.54±0.78 |
0.23±0.14 |
5.76 |
<.001 |
0.89 |
2 |
16 |
My manner toward families and those supporting them is warm, respectful, and welcoming. |
4.02±0.66 |
3.91±0.69 |
0.10±0.47 |
2.17 |
.032 |
0.43 |
40 |
17 |
My manner toward families is consistent with my words. |
3.96±0.69 |
3.77±0.72 |
0.18±0.64 |
2.75 |
.007 |
0.72 |
33 |
18 |
I maintain flexibility to welcome and support families consistently at all times of the day. |
3.67±0.73 |
3.44±0.79 |
0.22±0.69 |
3.14 |
.002 |
0.83 |
28 |
19 |
I accommodate the presence of families in the nursery during rounds or shift changes by sharing information in a tone of voice that preserves confidentiality. |
3.59±0.70 |
3.52±0.73 |
0.07±0.66 |
1.09 |
.277 |
|
|
20 |
I model careful, nurturing, and supportive caregiving for families. |
3.78±0.67 |
3.58±0.73 |
0.20±0.54 |
3.63 |
<.001 |
0.77 |
31 |
21 |
I form relationships with families, show genuine interest in their experience, and respect their central role in the life of their infant. |
4.01±0.63 |
3.80±0.73 |
0.21±0.56 |
3.65 |
<.001 |
0.86 |
26 |
22 |
I can be counted on to support the same inclusion of family members that other colleagues have provided for families in previous shifts. |
3.72±0.81 |
3.49±0.76 |
0.22±0.59 |
3.68 |
<.001 |
0.84 |
27 |
23 |
I support families in understanding and supporting their infant’s behavioral and developmental goals from the earliest possible time and nurture their confidence in supporting their infant’s goals. |
3.92±0.73 |
3.67±0.85 |
0.26±0.72 |
3.45 |
<.001 |
1.01 |
20 |
24 |
I support families in supporting their infants during potentially stressful procedures. |
3.74±0.79 |
3.40±0.85 |
0.34±0.69 |
4.75 |
<.001 |
1.29 |
15 |
25 |
I reserve family activities (e.g., bathing) for families. |
3.11±1.06 |
2.48±0.12 |
0.62±0.94 |
6.38 |
<.001 |
1.94 |
5 |
26 |
I help families understand the ways in which their infant’s behavior communicates how the infant is handling their interaction and help them use these behavioral cues as their guide for pacing, positioning, and interacting with their infant. |
3.76±0.71 |
3.53±0.73 |
0.24±0.52 |
4.39 |
<.001 |
0.89 |
25 |
27 |
I ensure that families see all infants consistently treated with the support and respect they would want for their own infant when they are not around. |
4.00±0.74 |
3.87±0.75 |
0.13±0.51 |
2.41 |
.018 |
0.52 |
39 |
Collaboration |
3.70±0.82 |
3.47±0.85 |
0.23±0.24 |
2.96 |
.016 |
0.85 |
3 |
28 |
I stay at the bedside to support infants in my care through stressful procedures. |
3.83±0.79 |
3.69±0.81 |
0.14±0.62 |
2.18 |
.032 |
0.54 |
38 |
29 |
If I need to perform a procedure or examination on an infant who is in the care of another person (nurse or parent), I respectfully discuss the need with that person and agree on a time that is in the mutual interest of all. |
3.81±0.74 |
3.70±0.88 |
0.11±0.63 |
1.64 |
.105 |
|
|
30 |
I talk with the other person about how to proceed and what the infant needs before we begin. |
3.83±0.73 |
3.61±0.08 |
0.22±0.55 |
3.78 |
<.001 |
0.82 |
29 |
31 |
I show flexibility whenever possible by gently completing my own caregiving or assessments while the infant is available for another procedure rather than disturbing the infant again later. |
3.84±0.68 |
3.67±0.08 |
0.17±0.62 |
2.68 |
.009 |
0.66 |
34 |
32 |
I seek another person to support an infant in my care during a potentially stressful experience, including bathing and weighing. |
3.69±0.81 |
3.47±0.09 |
0.22±0.62 |
3.33 |
.001 |
0.79 |
30 |
33 |
I am willingly available to my colleagues to provide support for infants in their care during potentially stressful procedures. |
3.88±0.78 |
3.95±0.08 |
0.65±0.34 |
-1.62 |
.109 |
-0.25 |
42 |
34 |
I consistently share information about infants’ behavioral competencies, vulnerabilities, and thresholds when communicating with colleagues during rounds or shift changes. |
3.92±0.80 |
3.76±0.09 |
0.16±0.45 |
3.46 |
<.001 |
0.63 |
35 |
35 |
I respect and support the roles of other individuals and disciplines in the lives of infants in my care. |
3.95±0.76 |
3.89±0.08 |
0.54±0.27 |
1.92 |
.058 |
|
|
36 |
I participate (as preceptor or mentor) in developmental care orientation of new staff. |
3.42±0.98 |
2.91±0.11 |
0.50±0.95 |
5.12 |
<.001 |
1.72 |
7 |
37 |
I serve on the Developmental Care Committee at my institution. |
2.82±1.09 |
2.03±0.10 |
0.78±1.13 |
6.69 |
<.001 |
2.21 |
1 |
Developmentally appropriate environment |
3.75±0.83 |
3.46±0.82 |
0.29±0.26 |
3.73 |
.004 |
0.29 |
4 |
38 |
I adequately support all infants by maintaining a consistently calm, relaxing environment with muted sound and lighting between and during caregiving interactions. |
4.01±0.71 |
3.86±0.07 |
0.15±0.53 |
2.74 |
.007 |
0.60 |
36 |
39 |
I consider all the sources of light, sound, movement, smell, and taste confronting an infant during care and eliminate all inappropriate or unnecessary sources of stimulation. |
3.96±0.75 |
3.66±0.07 |
0.30±0.60 |
4.81 |
<.001 |
1.19 |
17 |
40 |
I am mindful of my own voice and other sounds I produce in the nursery. |
3.85±0.74 |
3.42±0.08 |
0.43±0.72 |
5.70 |
<.001 |
1.66 |
9 |
41 |
I silence alarms as soon as possible and avoid unnecessary alarms. |
4.05±0.70 |
4.03±0.07 |
0.22±0.55 |
0.38 |
.708 |
|
|
42 |
If I need to use an over-the-bed light for hands-on care, I carefully shield the infant’s eyes but do not use a blindfold so I can respond to and support the infant if he or she attempts to gaze at me. |
3.71±0.85 |
3.45±0.10 |
0.26±0.62 |
3.99 |
<.001 |
0.96 |
23 |
43 |
I provide infants with the bedding and other physical supports they need to maintain optimal tone and position and to remain either in a quiet, restful sleep or a relaxed, comfortable wakefulness. |
3.96±0.78 |
3.89±0.07 |
0.06±0.44 |
1.42 |
.158 |
|
|
44 |
I am continually mindful of the need to structure an infant’s visual field to support alert wakefulness as appropriate (without some of the time overwhelming), transition to sleep, or quiet, restful sleep. |
4.02±0.72 |
3.95±0.07 |
0.06±0.42 |
1.72 |
.090 |
0.30 |
41 |
45 |
I provide as much space and comfort as possible for family caregiving, keep charts and equipment nicely organized, and avoid clutter. |
3.86±0.75 |
3.85±0.06 |
0.01±0.50 |
0.21 |
.836 |
|
|
46 |
I encourage families to personalize their infant’s bed space and make the environment more homelike. |
3.52±0.92 |
3.08±0.11 |
0.44±0.87 |
4.91 |
<.001 |
1.55 |
11 |
47 |
I participate (as preceptor or mentor) in developmental care orientation of new staff. |
3.39±1.02 |
2.76±0.11 |
0.62±1.13 |
4.78 |
<.001 |
2.11 |
4 |
48 |
I serve on the Developmental Care Committee at my institution. |
2.88±1.14 |
2.12±0.11 |
0.76±1.18 |
6.22 |
<.001 |
2.20 |
2 |
Total |
3.74±0.78 |
3.46±0.81 |
|
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